Writing narrative essays
Common Gp Essay Topics
Monday, August 24, 2020
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Candy Debut Albums and Joe free essay sample
The young lady at the station, the young lady with the grin, the minutes impulse to remain for some time. This book was a pleasant book. It could have finished somewhat better. Joe had the right to be with Candy after all that he had experienced for her. Joe merited better, and he TLD get it. That is the main awful part about this book, however by and large amazing book. This book was a decent book. It could have finished somewhat better. Joe had the right to be with Candy after all that he had experienced for her. Joe merited better, and he TLD get It. That is the main awful part about this book, however by and large magnificent book. My book was on Candy.A youthful adolescent young lady and kid who began to look all starry eyed at. Which happens constantly kid meets young lady the two of them fall for each other, however who realized It would have happen Like this. Candy was a multi year old young lady who met a multi year old kid name Joe deck. They met at a train station In downtown London. Joe was lost In the train station when candy stood out enough to be noticed. Candy was attempting to inquire as to whether he required assistance discovering his direction in any case, Joe was so lost in her magnificence he didnt answer her he just gazed. Which sort of drove Candy away. She was complimented, however didnt need things to turn out to be increasingly cumbersome. Joe had gotten up to speed to Candy at the McDonalds and got her lunch.Candy and Joe were talking when unexpectedly Candys face went cold. The individual she dreaded the most had recently strolled into McDonalds, Gigs. Gigs was Candys pimp. Candy was a multi year old whore. Obviously, Joe, didnt know, well in any event not yet. After Gigs terrified the chaos out of Candy and Joe, Joe left Candy and returned home. Joe was stuck on Candy. Unexplainable adoration must be a genuine thing in light of the fact that Joe was enamored. Joe was still in stun about what had occurred. The manner in which Candy went cold like that, the manner in which she acted with Gigs, she didnt look at him without flinching, held her head down the entire time.Joe knew there was more to it, the Just couldnt press himself to accept that Candy was a whore and that Gigs was her pimp. It was excessively incredible to him, to me too in light of the fact that there are adolescents everywhere throughout the world getting drove into sex dealing. Joe was trapped, so stuck he composed a tune about her and played it with his band. Joe was in a band called The Skates. Joe was reluctant about calling Candy. He thought consider the possibility that Gigs replied, what might he say, so he held up an entire week to call her. Joe had held back to call Candy, he was apprehensive, yet he at long last called her. Joe and Candy had made an arrangement to go to the zoo one week from now so they could talk.They wanted to meet at the front entryway. They had went to the bistro. At the bistro Candy had hauled something out of her handbag and excused herself to the restroom, said she would be a moment. Joe barely cared about It until she came out the restroom with something new about her. She had another look, her eyes were widened, and she was quiet. Candy was likewise a heroin junkie, she had been since the time Gigs came and demolished her life. Poor Joe getting sucked up Into this young ladies mess. It wasnt his shortcoming however It was adores issue, you cannot help how you become hopelessly enamored with. After the zoo Joe was smelling from ear to ear.While playing his guitar and threw his tune about Candy, his sister Gina had strolled in. Gina was 5 years more seasoned than Joe which implied she was 20. Gina had a beau name, Mike. Mike was a major dark person. Joe and Gina reminds every others business. Much the same as my sibling Gina needed to realize what candy's identity was. Joe felt awkward about revealing to Gina who Candy was particularly a result of Candy circumstance her being a whore and a heroin junkie, however he disclosed to her beginning and end. On the off chance that it were me nothing would have been stated, that would have passed on as a mystery with me. The following occasion is the place everything gets great in the book.Joe has a gig with his band at a bar in downtown London. Everybody he thinks about will be there Candy, Gina, and Mike. It was during the last melody the band was playing that night, the tune Joe had expounded on Candy, the band concurred that Joe could play it for the last tune. Everything was going extraordinary till Gigs strolled in. Gigs implied inconvenience like consistently. Gigs had gone to the bar searching for Candy. Gigs tranquilize Candy out of the bar. Mike, Gins beau seen the fight occurring and attempted to stop it. Mike didnt succeed, Gigs group about beat Mike half to death.Meanwhile Joe is still in front of an audience completing the Eng, he didnt notice whatever occur. At the point when he at long last discovers her back at her condo half alive, he attempts to support her, however during his endeavors, Gigs came in and attempts to murder Joe. At last, Gigs doesnt succeed. Candy gets up and crushes Gigs in the head with a table light. Her and Joe get away and go to this cabin Joeys family has saved. In the interim, while Joe and Candy are at the house. Gigs awakens and discovers data about him, for example, his name, where he lives, everything. Gigs winds up taking Gina. Gigs calls Joe after he takes Gina and attempts to offer him a dealCandy for Gina. Presently Joe is stuck in a difficult situation. The affection for his life or his sister. He is terrified and miserable, so he calls Mike and reveals to him everything. Mike comes to help Joe and Candy, yet Candy as of now has her a mystery plan. She intends to murder Gigs when he gets to the bungalow, and that is actually what she does. Candy wounded Gigs in the throat. You would feel that everything is reasonable, everyone got what they merited. No, Candy wound up getting captured and being sent to a psychological organization. Joe is illegal to see her once more. He has lost the young lady he had always wanted.
Thursday, July 16, 2020
Reno
Reno Reno re ´no , city (1990 pop. 133,850), seat of Washoe co., W Nev., on the Truckee River; inc. 1903. Tourism has been the major industry since gambling was legalized in Nevada in 1931. With its resort facilities, night entertainment, and casinos, Reno is a year-round vacation spot and convention center. It became famous for the quick divorces and marriages that take place there under Nevada's liberal laws. The city's activity has resulted in its slogan the biggest little city in the world. Reno is one of the fastest-growing U.S. cities. It has an international airport and serves as a distribution and warehouse center, where commercial goods can be stored tax-free for nearby manufacturing plants. Concrete, automated gaming systems, Western buckles and accessories, beverage dispensers, and plastic and metal products are manufactured. There is alfalfa processing and mining for gold and silver. The site was once a popular campsite beside a ford on the Donner Pass route to Californ ia; in 1860 a bridge was built. The name Lake's Crossing was changed to Reno when the Central Pacific RR arrived in 1868 and the town was laid out. In the 1990s officials began deemphasizing gambling; one result was the building of the National Bowling Stadium. Reno is the seat of the Univ. of Nevada, with its school of mines museum and Desert Research Institute. Other museums include the Nevada Museum of Art, an automobile museum, and science and historical museums. The city is also the headquarters for the Toiyabe National Forest. Lake Tahoe, Pyramid Lake, and other recreational areas and state parks are in the vicinity. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography
Thursday, May 21, 2020
Diversity and Business in the United States Essay examples
Diversity and Business in the United States The demographics of the United States are changing at a rapid pace and consequently we are observing a ââ¬Å"transformation in the culture and buying habits of this nation.â⬠(Robinson, Pfeffer, Buccigrossi, 2003) As a result, historically small niche markets are gaining an increasing prevalence within the U.S. marketplace and have substantially higher buying power. If companies are to continue to thrive in this modern economic environment they must be able to recognize and understand the implications of these demographic shifts. This includes the ability of a company to improve marketplace understanding as well as to implement business practices that will retain a diverse and talentedâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The combined buying power of people of color in the U.S. grew from a base of nearly $600,000 billion in 1990 to approximately $1.4 trillion in 2001.â⬠(Robinson, Pfeffer, Buccigrossi, 2003) Other developing and emerging markets that are on the rise in the Un ited States include the gay , lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) community, people with disabilities and women. Multiple studies of these groups have confirmed the increase in collective buying power from these groups. Companies on the forefront of tapping into these markets are already adapting their business strategies to target these customers and their efforts are proving to pay off in spades. For instance, marketing programs aimed at people with disabilities can target one out of every ten consumers not to mention the fact that people with disabilities come from various ethnic backgrounds and age groups etc. (Robinson, Pfeffer, Buccigrossi, 2003) As these groups continue to gain strength in numbers we will see a proportional increase in their potential buying power and marketing strategies must account and adapt for the potential of these markets. As one would expect, we are also seeing a diversification of the American workforce. While most would agree that diversity within the workforce can build a positive workplace environment, it isShow MoreRelatedThe Diversity And Cultural Diversity Management1634 Words à |à 7 PagesWhich advantages do Cultural Diversity and Cultural Diversity Management have ? The complexity of the current economic climate demands creative and innovative business approaches and presents the opportunity for growth in developing markets by addressing unexpected or counter-intuitive consumer needs. Shifting demographics, increasing purchasing power of non-traditional segments and a trend towards customization present a compelling case for viewing MasterCardââ¬â¢s business efforts through a diverse lensRead MoreEssay on Diversity: The Ethical Choice1410 Words à |à 6 PagesThe United States is one of the most diverse nations on the earth, originally conceived so, and often described as a great melting pot, as ââ¬Å"all nations are melted into a new race of man, whose labours and posterity will one day cause great changes in the worldâ⬠(St. John de Crà ¨vecoeur, 1782). Yet, despite the countryââ¬â¢s diverse population, the workplace remains a place of inequality as women and minorities continue to earn less than their white male counterparts (U .S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,Read MoreIrish Business Essay1293 Words à |à 6 PagesIrish Business Technology has made the world seem a lot smaller. There was a time when it would take days for a steamer to cross the Atlantic Ocean going from New York, New York to Dublin or Galway, Ireland. We can now make the same journey in hours by plane or connect in a video call with in seconds, for good reason too. As our economies become global, Ireland is one of the countries on Forbes list of top countries for business (Badenhausen, 2015). Ireland makes a good choice for organizationsRead MoreDiversity Within The Workplace And How Communication Is The Driving Force Behind It Essay1463 Words à |à 6 PagesDiversity in the workplace and how communication is the driving force behind it. Workplace diversity can be described as ââ¬Å"all the differences in age, gender, sexual orientation, education, cultural background, religion, and life experienceâ⬠(Okora Washington, 2012, as cited in Mulkeen, 2008). Another functional definition of diversity is being cultural, racial, or sex-base d. An organizationââ¬â¢s definition and viewpoint concerning diversity guides the strength of its employees to connect and communicateRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Effects Of Diversity On Business And Communications Essay858 Words à |à 4 PagesAnnotated Bibliography: Effects of diversity on business and communications Bilimoria, D. (2007). Handbook on women in business and management. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. This complete Handbook specifically presents commissioned unique essays on the communal roles and contexts women face in management and business, womenââ¬â¢s role as leaders in management and business, procedures of the organization influencing women, work-life issues and particular career womenââ¬â¢s issues in the fields. These essaysRead MoreEssay on McDonalds: A Global Company1554 Words à |à 7 Pagesuses diversity and organizational initiatives to contribute to the corporate bottom line. Finally, the researcher will evaluate the companyââ¬â¢s bottom-line rationale for diversity initiatives. Specific Aspects that Makes McDonaldââ¬â¢s a Diverse Organization According to Royle (1999) McDonaldââ¬â¢s is a very large multinational enterprise (MNE) and the largest food service operation in the world. Currently the company has 1.5 million workers with 23,500 stores in over 110 countries with the United KingdomRead MoreTeams : Teams Characteristics And Diversity1175 Words à |à 5 PagesTeams-Characteristics Diversity Fey Aynsley, Monique McGee, Jacqueline Rasheed and Brandon J. Smith In the business world today, teams have become essential for the effective and efficient execution of business functions. While the type of teams varies across industries, each team serves a specific function within the organization. The function determines the team member composition and the duration of the team. Team duration may be permanent, part-time, or temporary. Seven standard business teams haveRead MoreDiversity in the Workplace Essay examples1414 Words à |à 6 Pages Abstract This paper is aimed at providing a framework for discussion of diversity and how it pairs with demographic characteristics. It is divided into four parts. Part I represents diversity in the workforce, which reflects the rational of organizations and how they handle diversity in the occupations of their workers. Parts II characterize diversity and age, as it responds to the fact that older people have the skill set to keep them working well past retirement age. Part III denotes religionRead MoreWhat Diversity Can Make Your Company?1435 Words à |à 6 Pages Diversity in the Workplace Devany Irvin Over the course of time, people from many different cultures have migrated to the United States, making our nation and workforce a melting pot of languages. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, it is estimated that currently more than 300 languages are spoken in the United States. This makes it a daily challenge for companies who provide us with our daily needs and wants, it is evident that not all companies hire one person per everyRead MoreDiversity1703 Words à |à 7 PagesDiversity in Canada August 23, 2011 Abstract In this paper I will be looking at diversity in Canada and how the term of diversity is used to refer to cultural differences, how it applies to all the qualities that make people different. Diversity is shown in mutual respect and appreciation of the similarities and differences such as age, culture, education, ethnicity, experience, gender, race, religion, and sexual orientation. An environment where diversity is respected is on whereas individuals
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
The Third Sex in Eastern Civilization - 1357 Words
Western and Eastern civilizations have always been be incompatible with their thinking and teachings; especially when looking at certain topic such as Gender, sex and religion. Gender is defined as the cultural, behavioral, or psychological characteristics, typically belonging to one sex. Sex is the behavioral, functional and Structural characteristics that distinguish males from females; it is also the act of people (or animals) attempting to sexually reproduce. Western civilizations and religions have always been strict and less accepting when it comes to the conversation of gender and sex. It is usually something that is not discussed at all. Theyââ¬â¢re topics that are considered to be taboo. As time has progressed Western cultures areâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦He presents Vishnu and Siva as examples and explains that both are transformed into females in a famous cycle of myths in the culture. He also says the goddesses and supernatural women become male in certain texts. Doniger also states: Many Hindu myths attest to both the existential perception of the self as bisexual (as having a body of one sex and a mind/ soul/ personality/ gender of another) and active bisexual transformations, from male to female (MTF) or female to male (FTM). (Doniger) Doniger then goes back to his examples of Vishnu and Siva, explaining how Vishnu was an enchantress and seduced demons and that Siva rapes Vishnu as an enchantress. These two myths once again confirm his idea about the bisexuality of Hindu gods. Lastly, Doniger speaks about the bisexuality of the Goddess Paravati and Queen Chudala. Paravati is a Brahmin whose is born a boy but ends up as a women forever, this puts another scope on the bisexuality of Hindu gods. Chudalaââ¬â¢s story is an example of a female to male transsexuality. Madonna Kolbenschlag wrote a book called Eastward Toward Eve. There is a chapter in the book that explores the concept of gender masks and the third sex in the Japanese culture. Kolbenschlag opens up the chapter by explaining that since we live in an era ofShow MoreRelatedExploring The Traditional Chinese Culture1365 Words à |à 6 Pages Exploring Traditional Chinese Culture China is one of the oldest civilizations on the planet, records of Chinese civilization dates back to around 1766 B.C.E. China is located in eastern Asia along the coast of the Pacific Ocean. With approximately 3.7 million square miles, China is the fourth largest nation in the world. In the west, the area consists of mountains, high levels, and desert. The eastern areas are described by fields, deltas, and hills, the highest point being the largest mountainRead More`` It s All On The Family : Intersections Of Gender, Race, And Nation1185 Words à |à 5 Pagesadequately prepared to survive in a male dominated country, although there is little rebellion against these imposed values. It is my opinion that we as women have adopted this image of family and injected it into other hierarchies involving race and sex. We then took it a step further by projecting this image onto our country and its policies. This rose-colored glasses approach is what allows so many to believe that we can rely or expect affluent, influential, white men to act in our best interestRead MoreThe Growth Of The Global Commercial Sex Industry1151 Words à |à 5 Pagesis human trafficking, which is known as, buying and selling people. Trafficking humans have existed since the beginning of civilization, but in recent years the scourge of trafficking, has exponentially increased due to globalization, the magnitude of poverty, organized crime, government corruption, and (as it relates to sex trafficking) the growth of the global commercial sex industry. The government should regulate the pornography industry because of the hidden truths that start in each thrivingRead MoreIslamic Religion And Th e Islamic World959 Words à |à 4 PagesAs the Islamic religion rose, both the Persian, and Eastern Roman Empire began to collapse. In the seventh and eighth century, the rise of Islamic religion began to quickly move to rule the territories, taking over to create what is now a very important change in Islamic history. The rise of Islam began in the Arabian desert, showing great change for Islam as a religion, as well as the nature of the Islamic empire, but eventually this great rise began to collapse. The events that took place, is consideredRead MoreThe Repression Of Women s Creativity1543 Words à |à 7 Pagescontinue their fight for their rights to voice their opinions. The narrator in The Yellow Wall-Paper symbolizes the women of historical times who were ââ¬Å"prisonersâ⬠of society and were expected to be submissive to men, as men were seen as more intellectual sex. In the story, it is evident that the narratorââ¬â¢s husband, John asserts dominance over her and determines what she can and cannot do. For example, John confines his wife into a room and then states that, ââ¬Å"...the place is doing you goodâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ (649). He doesRead MoreUnderstanding Cultural Differences Between The World And Cultures And Values Differ Between Different Countries1899 Words à |à 8 Pagesprofessors Simcha Ronen and Oded Shenkar proposed the Ronen and Shenkar cluster. In the Ronen and Shenkar there are eight classified clusters: Anglo, Arabic, Far Eastern, Germanic, Latin America, Latin Europe, Near Eastern and Nordic. These eight clusters had covered 44 countries. As time went on Ronen and Shenkar added Central and Eastern Europe, Sub-saharan Afric a as two new clusters. The independents in Ronen and Shenkar are Brazil, India, Israel, and Japan (Peng, 2012). In looking at Ronen andRead MoreEthics on Pornography1526 Words à |à 7 Pagesmore pleasure but mankind is not always pure. There are some bad men, there are some disgusting ideas and there are some barbarous behaviors. With that genres directors start to use women as an object, the way of sex is start to change, some of movies there are sex slaves and violent on sex, and they start to use children in porn. All of that are pleasurable? If yes or no donââ¬â¢t matter, what important is, is it ethical? Ethics is morality basically. Ethics of porn comes with the violent in porn andRead MoreThe Anthropology Of Iraq : The Land Of Two Rivers1328 Words à |à 6 Pagesregion to region. Elizabeth Pietanza states, there are ââ¬Å"three different forms: classical, modern standard, and spokenâ⬠(Pietanza 2001:1078). The Classical form of Arabic is based on the Islamic religious book, the Quran. Most children living in Middle Eastern countries are taught to read and write using the Mod ern Standard form of Arabic, however the spoken language is different from country to country. Iraqi spoken language is different from the Egyptian spoken language; however, Iraqi spoken languageRead MoreEssay on Social Inequalities Perpetuated Through Advertisements1571 Words à |à 7 Pagesreally changes the viewers overall impression of the ad. Part three of Friths method has the viewer picture the ad in several different ways but always in way that contrasts the original add. First reverse the sex of everyone in the ad. Second change the race of the people in the ad. Third, change the age of the people in the ad by switching out old for young and vice versa. Another thing to keep in mind is who the intended audience is. Advertisers run several different ads for the same product inRead MoreInternational Relations During The Cold War1750 Words à |à 7 Pages Final Exam Essay over International Relations This paper will talk about how international relations changed after the cold war in four parts. The first part will be talking about environment. The second part will be talking about religion. The third part is sovereignty. The fourth part will have changes in statehood. The fifth part will talk about gender and then the conclusion. Environment has been growing as an academic subject for the past three decades and now it is on the ââ¬Å"international
Learning Theory and Behaviorism Free Essays
Learning Theory and BehaviorismOctober 16, 2012 Wundtââ¬â¢s Structuralism: â⬠¢ Goal was to analyze the structure of conscious experience into its elements and components and their associative relationships. It was a form of metal chemistry â⬠¢ Developed of the technique introspection, which requires trained introspectionists to look inward and describe/analyze the contents of their experience to a stimulus word â⬠¢ Edward Titchner brought structuralism to the U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning Theory and Behaviorism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cornell university listing 1000ââ¬â¢s of elements of consciousness William James: â⬠¢ James studied with Wundt, but rejected a static description of the elements of the mind. James thought the mind and consciousness to be adaptive function that envolved just as any other adaptive function â⬠¢ Therefore, proper study of the mind is to relate its characteristics to purposeful, adaptive behavior. â⬠¢ Hence the rise of functionalism. James was professor of psychology at Harvard Principles of Psychology: â⬠¢ James wrote this Titles were stream of thought, memory, reasoning, emotion, will, effects of experience Edward Thorndike: â⬠¢ In the late 1800s at Harvard, drawing from James and functionalism and also Darwinââ¬â¢s ideas of evolution of species and their adaption to environment, he studied the progress cats made in solving a puzzle by learning a desired that is instrumental in bringing about desired outcome â⬠¢ Notion of stimulus-response (reflexive vs. rational) was already firmly in the thinking of leading philosophers at the time, in the field of education Ivan Pavlov: In 1904, Pavlov received the Nobel prize for his work on the chemistry of digestive juices in saliva â⬠¢ His work with dogs required gathering large amounts of saliva for chemical analyses. Done through a tube surgically implanted in dogââ¬â¢s salivary gland and then simulating salvation with dried meat powder Unconditionalâ⬠¦. â⬠¢ Dried meat powder is an unconditional stimulus 9UCS) in that it always triggers the response of salivating. We call the response unconditional response (UCR). Needs no learning â⬠¢ Many pleasure, pain, and emotional responses and tastes and smells are unconditional Psychic Reflex: â⬠¢ Pavlov and associates observed that dogs would often begin salivating before they were harnessed and before the meat powder â⬠¢ Pavlov switched his path of study this psychic reflex â⬠¢ Studies are among the most famous in psychology. Type of learning he describes is known as ââ¬Å"classical conditionâ⬠or ââ¬Å"glandular conditioningâ⬠Conditionalâ⬠¦. Stimulus in effect becomes a signal that the dog will be harnessed, presented with the meant, and will be salivating. â⬠¢ The dog must perceive this connection. Its meaning and power as a signal depends on its reliability. Its meaning and power are conditional on its place in time and its frequency in the sequence, becoming conditional stimulus (CS). The psychic reflex becomes a Conditional response. Prior to perception of a connection to the UCS, all events are neutral in me aning with respect to UCS. Conditioning involves responding to a CS with a CR in anticipation of the occurrence of the UCS-UCR pair. Learning: â⬠¢ Conditional response (CR) is the learned response to the conditional stimulus (CS) which gained meaning to the extent it anticipates the UCS-UCR pain. The CR is potentially a adaptive response, a preparatory response â⬠¢ The UCS-UCR pair do not re-occur, then the power of the CS to trigger a CR is weakened. The CS no linger bring about the CR-extinction. Higher order conditioning: The CS must occur fairly closely in time to the UCS-UCR pain- interstimulus interval (CS UCS) â⬠¢ However once a CS has gained the power to anticipate the UCS, other neutral stimuli close in time to the CS will become conditioned. A CS signal the next CS, which signals the next CS and so on until the original CS signals the UCS-UCR pain-higher order conditioning. Historical context: â⬠¢ The pressure of universal education brought pressures for psychologists and educators t o study the processes of learning â⬠¢ Alfred Binet (advocate from France) developed a test to measure abilities so as to place students in the proper grade. Concepts of ââ¬Ëintelligenceââ¬â¢ and IQ soon followed â⬠¢ Darwinââ¬â¢s theory of evolution suggests that as a species of human beings evolved from lower forms of animal life. Though the gap between animals and human life remained wide in terms of language, thought, and civilization, question was just how intelligent are animals, are they closer to humans are intelligent than animals lower â⬠¢ Industrial revolution; post revolutionary Russia and USA saw an ability to take classless societies and make it a brighter and stronger future, training an efficient workforce. John B. Watson: 1878-1958 â⬠¢ Studied animal intelligence. He sought to move psychology more toward the empirical, deterministic physical sciences â⬠¢ Empirical, means of the senses of implying data used in the science is observable, public, and objectively measured. Determinism implies a search for theories of cause and effect, identification of Aristotleââ¬â¢s immediate cause Behaviorists in control: â⬠¢ Reshaping human society in the US and Soviet Union Philosophical behaviorism: belief that consciousness was an epiphenomenon â⬠¢ Methodological behaviors: belief that observable objective measures of behavior are better over introspective self-report Operant Conditioning: â⬠¢ Skinner says the probability of a response to the correct stimulus is more or less equal to that of any other response to other available stimuli. If the response to a stimulus brings about desired consequence, then the sequence of stimulus-response more likely repeated. Trial and error is as en equal probability for all possible responses on Trial 1 Terms: â⬠¢ Reinforcer: sequence of stimulus-response consequence; makes stronger the bond between the stimulus and the response â⬠¢ Operant or instrumental response: behavior which bring about the consequence â⬠¢ Skinner prefers to understand reinforcement as that which changes the probability of the response to the stimulus Reinforcer vs. Reinforcement: Reinforce is an event, a consequence that follows the response to a stimulus and is perceived to be connected to the response â⬠¢ Reinforcement is a state of being that arises from the act of consuming or enjoying â⬠¢ Positive reinforce is a positive rewarding consequence to response to a stimulus; all is good and youââ¬â¢ll do it again â⬠¢ Negative reinforer is a painful consequence to the response to a stimulus; decreases probability of the response to that stimulus â⬠¢ In negative reinforcement sequence is stimulus, response, negative reinforcerm escape response(which removes negative reinforce) positive reinforce. Total package: negative reinforcement. Probability of an escape/avoidance response is increased and the 1st response is decreased. Primary and secondary reinforcer: â⬠¢ Primary: natural; one that does not have to be learned. Satisfy biological needs like hunger, thirst â⬠¢ Secondary: consequence whose value must be learned through experience; come through socialization and subsequent learning â⬠¢ Primary positive reinforcer: satisfies a natural need (food if youââ¬â¢re hungry, water if thirsty) â⬠¢ Primary negative reinforcer: causes physical pain and discomfort (injury, illness) â⬠¢ Secondary positive reinforcer: satisfies social and psychological needs (good grade, smile, kiss) â⬠¢ Secondary negative reinforcer: socially punishing (failing grade, public slander, rejection letter) Classical and instrumental combined: A primary positive reinforcer=unconditional stimulus that follows some behavioral conditional response to conditional stimulus. â⬠¢ Conditional stimulus is a secondary positive reinforcer Contingency: â⬠¢ connection between a stimulus, response, and a consequence. One perceives the stimulus and performs the response expected â⬠¢ extinction: when stimulus n o longer elicits a response b/c reinforcer no longer appears â⬠¢ superstition: one perceives a contingency when in fact there is none â⬠¢ helplessness: perceiving no contingency between a stimulus and a response nd any desirable consequence, making no response â⬠¢ fixed ratio: pattern is predictable â⬠¢ variable ratio: pattern is random Resistance to extinction: â⬠¢ skinner defines strength of learning as how resistance the acquired response to a stimulus is to extinction â⬠¢ variable ratio schedule maintains responding far longer than fixed ratio â⬠¢ fixed interval schedule gives reinforcer tot the last response as a certain interval of time elapses Psychological and emotional disorders A behavioral analysis of psychological emotional disorders includes the assumption that the symptoms (inappropriate behaviors, thoughts, or emotions) are acquired in a learning environment (i. e. not due to genetics or physiological dysfunctions or unconscious conflicts) . â⬠¢ Behavior therapy tries to extinguish the inappropriate responses to stimuli train appropriate responses. Behavioral analysis of a phobia â⬠¢ Phobia = learned, ââ¬Å"acquired fearâ⬠o Intense fear or anxiety reaction to an event, classically conditioned by exposure to frightening, threatening, or painful stimulus. Instrumentally conditioned escape/avoidance behavior that takes very few trials, maybe only one trial to learn Obsessive compulsive disorder â⬠¢ Obsessive state = intense drive state, often accompanied by images, thoughts, memories, desires, etc. related to drive state an identity â⬠¢ Compulsive = behavior that corrects for or deals w/ the threat to the driving identity. Ritualized by repetition success at keeping anxiety at bay. â⬠¢ Compulsive behavior may originate in two ways: o 1. Person once praised for something now seeks praise to maintain good feeling o 2. Person once punished for something thus becomes anxious when this event occurs and does whatever to avoid punishment Behavioral analysis of anxiety and conflict â⬠¢ The conflict of drives, stimuli, responses consequences will result in indecision, inefficiency, anxiety. Dollard miller list the following: â⬠¢ An approach-approach conflict: where two mutually exclusive positive consequences follow a response to two similar stimuli. The greater the emotional importance of the choice the greater the finality (or temporal impact) of the choice, the greater the conflict: o Choosing whom to marry vs. choosing which friend to call o Choosing a book to read vs. choosing a film to watch on a weekend night o Choosing a car/house to buy vs. choosing a brand of frozen pizza to buy in the store â⬠¢ An avoidance-avoidance conflict: where two mutually exclusive negative consequences follow a response to two similar stimuli. Resolved in a manner similar to approach-approach. Choosing to cope with knee pain or having knee surgery o Choosing to write a paper or study for a test o Choosing any math course â⬠¢ An approach-avoidance conflict: where two aspects of the ââ¬Å"sameâ⬠stimulus are in contradiction, one positive, one negative. o Enjoying the company of a friend, who also tends to get loud obnoxious at parties. The conflict arises when the friend asks you to go to the party with her/him. o Contemplating a trip to Europe, but you have a fear of flying Behavioral analysis of anxiety conflict The tension in approach-avoidance conflict in interpersonal relationships often forces a person to create a ââ¬Å"safe-zoneâ⬠in which, on the one hand, the person is not so far away from the other such that one needs to approach, but yet, on the other hand, the person is not so close that one needs to avoid the other. â⬠¢ Often the zone is defined or verbalized in terms of emotional involvement, interpersonal distance, intimacy, time together, mode of communication, etc. ââ¬Å"were just friendsâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ meaning not lovers, cousins, or strangers. The safe zone evolves. It is negotiated b/t the two persons in the relationship to their mutual satisfaction, though true mutuality is often difficult to achieve. Also, conditions may change it over time, especially due to factors such as distance, other relationships, new info, etc. Depression â⬠¢ Result of a generalized learned help lessness. â⬠¢ Helplessness learned when most instrumental escape or avoidance responses to a primary or secondary negative reinforce fail to bring about relief through a cessation of the punishment, discomfort. Inactivity/apathy describe lack of instrumental responses; pain, numbness, sadness are the classically conditioned emotional responses. Dissociative disorder â⬠¢ Dissociative disorders, such as dissociative identity disorder (split personality) involves learning a new repertory of behaviors, thoughts, emotions that are appropriate (and therefore reinforced) in a new environment along side of a previously learned repertory of behaviors, thoughts and emotions that are appropriate in a different prior environment â⬠¢ Prior environment associated w/ punishment Schizophrenia â⬠¢ double bind theory of schizophrenia: child raised in a home environment of confusing/contradictory messages from at least one volatile, toxic parent. The childââ¬â¢s behavior is not predictably right/good, wrong/bad. The child grows up never sure or relaxed, but stressed and anxious. Child emerges chronic mistrust of his or her ability to behave, think, etc. he/she learns to behave as if disconnected from reality B. F. Skinner â⬠¢ wrote beyond freedom and dignity ââ¬â weââ¬â¢re already living in a behavioral society. How to cite Learning Theory and Behaviorism, Essay examples
Saturday, April 25, 2020
The World Is Full Of Lies Essays - Deception, Lie, Food Lion
The World Is Full Of Lies The world is full of lies. In fact, we experience them on an everyday basis. In every film we watch we are fooled into believing that the pictures on the screen are moving, but in actuallity they are just still shots placed together at 24 frames per second. Television and the media (news) seem to be the biggest carries of the lying virus. ABC was one of the unlucky few to have been caught. Their name was dragged through the mudd along with Food Lion, in a case which poses many ethical questions. Because of commercial advertisements, television news has been forced to resort to lie tactics in order create stories that shock viewers into watching. News has become nothing more than factual ENTERTAINMENT. For example, ABC's news program ?Primetime Live? did a feature story on the South Carolina based Food Lion, which stated that the grocery chain was selling tainted meat, cheese that had been nawed upon by rats, produce which was taken from the dumpster, and fish which had been bleached in order to return the natural white color; however, ABC used trickery in order to obtain the package. The lead was originally developed from a friend of segment producer Lynne Dale. The friend was the UFCW (United Food and Commercial Workers Union) spokesman Neal Lattimore. The information was supplied through a group who served as a ?middle man.? ABC went to a Food Lion armed with hidden cameras in order to obtain some initial evidence. Second, ABC sent three employees Lynne Dale, Susan Barnett, and an Photographer to apply for jobs using forged references, supplied by UFCW. Here is the err with ABC. Their use of false information directly infringes upon a companies trust with employees, furthermore, many applications require a signature that bonds all information to the employee. Their second mistake was using information supplied by a union who according to Marc Gunther and Henry Goldblatt was already at arms with Food Lion, because of their persistance to remain NON union. The question that arises, does this justify ABC to lie in order to prove someone else's lie? Sissela Bok wou ld suggest that such practices would be correct if in the interest of the public. To Bok lies can be justified by the cognitive awareness of truth but in order to achieve such aware ness one must seek ?truthful alternatives (31). She writes: ?If lies and truthful statements appear to achieve the same result or appear to be as desirable to t he person contemplating lying the lies should be ruled out. And only where a lie is a last resort can one even begin to consider whether or not it is morally justified. (31).? She also infers that lying in regards to moral justification can not be exclusive. Such information has to be capable of being made public. We should always balance the consequences with the truth as our parents once taught us too. She describes paternal/maternal lying as justifyable if it someway helps to prevent the child from being injured. Such lies are created in order to PROTECT the innocent. Her stand becomes redundantly clear in Lying. Lies CAN be justified if the need, outweighs the consequences, but by no means however, does she agree with lying, in fact she appauls it. ?I hope to have shown how often the justifications they invoke are insubstantial, and how they can disguise and fuel all other wrongs. Trust and integrity are precious resourses, easily squandered, hard to regain (248).? As aforementioned, Bok would suggest that such lying is justifiable in order to save a life; however, I find that ABC was surely more interested with ratings as opposed to public care, although their image would suggest it. Modern news is a huge publicity battle. Whomever produces the better LIFE SAVING snippit wins the advertising. ABC's approach by no means justifies there actions. They chose not to sample the foods and run quality control checks on them, nor did they research the health boards recent ratings. Instead they entered into the situation lie first. Bok states that moral justification cannot be exclusive, it has to be made public, none of which ABC did. The information and package were filmed in Spring
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