Reno

Reno Reno re ´no , city (1990 pop. 133,850), seat of Washoe co., W Nev., on the Truckee River; inc. 1903. Tourism has been the major industry since gambling was legalized in Nevada in 1931. With its resort facilities, night entertainment, and casinos, Reno is a year-round vacation spot and convention center. It became famous for the quick divorces and marriages that take place there under Nevada's liberal laws. The city's activity has resulted in its slogan the biggest little city in the world. Reno is one of the fastest-growing U.S. cities. It has an international airport and serves as a distribution and warehouse center, where commercial goods can be stored tax-free for nearby manufacturing plants. Concrete, automated gaming systems, Western buckles and accessories, beverage dispensers, and plastic and metal products are manufactured. There is alfalfa processing and mining for gold and silver. The site was once a popular campsite beside a ford on the Donner Pass route to Californ ia; in 1860 a bridge was built. The name Lake's Crossing was changed to Reno when the Central Pacific RR arrived in 1868 and the town was laid out. In the 1990s officials began deemphasizing gambling; one result was the building of the National Bowling Stadium. Reno is the seat of the Univ. of Nevada, with its school of mines museum and Desert Research Institute. Other museums include the Nevada Museum of Art, an automobile museum, and science and historical museums. The city is also the headquarters for the Toiyabe National Forest. Lake Tahoe, Pyramid Lake, and other recreational areas and state parks are in the vicinity. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Diversity and Business in the United States Essay examples

Diversity and Business in the United States The demographics of the United States are changing at a rapid pace and consequently we are observing a â€Å"transformation in the culture and buying habits of this nation.† (Robinson, Pfeffer, Buccigrossi, 2003) As a result, historically small niche markets are gaining an increasing prevalence within the U.S. marketplace and have substantially higher buying power. If companies are to continue to thrive in this modern economic environment they must be able to recognize and understand the implications of these demographic shifts. This includes the ability of a company to improve marketplace understanding as well as to implement business practices that will retain a diverse and talented†¦show more content†¦The combined buying power of people of color in the U.S. grew from a base of nearly $600,000 billion in 1990 to approximately $1.4 trillion in 2001.† (Robinson, Pfeffer, Buccigrossi, 2003) Other developing and emerging markets that are on the rise in the Un ited States include the gay , lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) community, people with disabilities and women. Multiple studies of these groups have confirmed the increase in collective buying power from these groups. Companies on the forefront of tapping into these markets are already adapting their business strategies to target these customers and their efforts are proving to pay off in spades. For instance, marketing programs aimed at people with disabilities can target one out of every ten consumers not to mention the fact that people with disabilities come from various ethnic backgrounds and age groups etc. (Robinson, Pfeffer, Buccigrossi, 2003) As these groups continue to gain strength in numbers we will see a proportional increase in their potential buying power and marketing strategies must account and adapt for the potential of these markets. As one would expect, we are also seeing a diversification of the American workforce. While most would agree that diversity within the workforce can build a positive workplace environment, it isShow MoreRelatedThe Diversity And Cultural Diversity Management1634 Words   |  7 PagesWhich advantages do Cultural Diversity and Cultural Diversity Management have ? 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Bureau of Labor Statistics,Read MoreIrish Business Essay1293 Words   |  6 PagesIrish Business Technology has made the world seem a lot smaller. There was a time when it would take days for a steamer to cross the Atlantic Ocean going from New York, New York to Dublin or Galway, Ireland. We can now make the same journey in hours by plane or connect in a video call with in seconds, for good reason too. As our economies become global, Ireland is one of the countries on Forbes list of top countries for business (Badenhausen, 2015). Ireland makes a good choice for organizationsRead MoreDiversity Within The Workplace And How Communication Is The Driving Force Behind It Essay1463 Words   |  6 PagesDiversity in the workplace and how communication is the driving force behind it. Workplace diversity can be described as â€Å"all the differences in age, gender, sexual orientation, education, cultural background, religion, and life experience† (Okora Washington, 2012, as cited in Mulkeen, 2008). 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Seven standard business teams haveRead MoreDiversity in the Workplace Essay examples1414 Words   |  6 Pages Abstract This paper is aimed at providing a framework for discussion of diversity and how it pairs with demographic characteristics. It is divided into four parts. Part I represents diversity in the workforce, which reflects the rational of organizations and how they handle diversity in the occupations of their workers. Parts II characterize diversity and age, as it responds to the fact that older people have the skill set to keep them working well past retirement age. Part III denotes religionRead MoreWhat Diversity Can Make Your Company?1435 Words   |  6 Pages Diversity in the Workplace Devany Irvin Over the course of time, people from many different cultures have migrated to the United States, making our nation and workforce a melting pot of languages. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, it is estimated that currently more than 300 languages are spoken in the United States. This makes it a daily challenge for companies who provide us with our daily needs and wants, it is evident that not all companies hire one person per everyRead MoreDiversity1703 Words   |  7 PagesDiversity in Canada August 23, 2011 Abstract In this paper I will be looking at diversity in Canada and how the term of diversity is used to refer to cultural differences, how it applies to all the qualities that make people different. Diversity is shown in mutual respect and appreciation of the similarities and differences such as age, culture, education, ethnicity, experience, gender, race, religion, and sexual orientation. An environment where diversity is respected is on whereas individuals

The Third Sex in Eastern Civilization - 1357 Words

Western and Eastern civilizations have always been be incompatible with their thinking and teachings; especially when looking at certain topic such as Gender, sex and religion. Gender is defined as the cultural, behavioral, or psychological characteristics, typically belonging to one sex. Sex is the behavioral, functional and Structural characteristics that distinguish males from females; it is also the act of people (or animals) attempting to sexually reproduce. Western civilizations and religions have always been strict and less accepting when it comes to the conversation of gender and sex. It is usually something that is not discussed at all. They’re topics that are considered to be taboo. As time has progressed Western cultures are†¦show more content†¦He presents Vishnu and Siva as examples and explains that both are transformed into females in a famous cycle of myths in the culture. He also says the goddesses and supernatural women become male in certain texts. Doniger also states: Many Hindu myths attest to both the existential perception of the self as bisexual (as having a body of one sex and a mind/ soul/ personality/ gender of another) and active bisexual transformations, from male to female (MTF) or female to male (FTM). (Doniger) Doniger then goes back to his examples of Vishnu and Siva, explaining how Vishnu was an enchantress and seduced demons and that Siva rapes Vishnu as an enchantress. These two myths once again confirm his idea about the bisexuality of Hindu gods. Lastly, Doniger speaks about the bisexuality of the Goddess Paravati and Queen Chudala. Paravati is a Brahmin whose is born a boy but ends up as a women forever, this puts another scope on the bisexuality of Hindu gods. Chudala’s story is an example of a female to male transsexuality. Madonna Kolbenschlag wrote a book called Eastward Toward Eve. There is a chapter in the book that explores the concept of gender masks and the third sex in the Japanese culture. Kolbenschlag opens up the chapter by explaining that since we live in an era ofShow MoreRelatedExploring The Traditional Chinese Culture1365 Words   |  6 Pages Exploring Traditional Chinese Culture China is one of the oldest civilizations on the planet, records of Chinese civilization dates back to around 1766 B.C.E. China is located in eastern Asia along the coast of the Pacific Ocean. With approximately 3.7 million square miles, China is the fourth largest nation in the world. In the west, the area consists of mountains, high levels, and desert. The eastern areas are described by fields, deltas, and hills, the highest point being the largest mountainRead More`` It s All On The Family : Intersections Of Gender, Race, And Nation1185 Words   |  5 Pagesadequately prepared to survive in a male dominated country, although there is little rebellion against these imposed values. 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The independents in Ronen and Shenkar are Brazil, India, Israel, and Japan (Peng, 2012). In looking at Ronen andRead MoreEthics on Pornography1526 Words   |  7 Pagesmore pleasure but mankind is not always pure. There are some bad men, there are some disgusting ideas and there are some barbarous behaviors. With that genres directors start to use women as an object, the way of sex is start to change, some of movies there are sex slaves and violent on sex, and they start to use children in porn. All of that are pleasurable? If yes or no don’t matter, what important is, is it ethical? Ethics is morality basically. Ethics of porn comes with the violent in porn andRead MoreThe Anthropology Of Iraq : The Land Of Two Rivers1328 Words   |  6 Pagesregion to region. Elizabeth Pietanza states, there are â€Å"three different forms: classical, modern standard, and spoken† (Pietanza 2001:1078). The Classical form of Arabic is based on the Islamic religious book, the Quran. 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Learning Theory and Behaviorism Free Essays

Learning Theory and BehaviorismOctober 16, 2012 Wundt’s Structuralism: †¢ Goal was to analyze the structure of conscious experience into its elements and components and their associative relationships. It was a form of metal chemistry †¢ Developed of the technique introspection, which requires trained introspectionists to look inward and describe/analyze the contents of their experience to a stimulus word †¢ Edward Titchner brought structuralism to the U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning Theory and Behaviorism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cornell university listing 1000’s of elements of consciousness William James: †¢ James studied with Wundt, but rejected a static description of the elements of the mind. James thought the mind and consciousness to be adaptive function that envolved just as any other adaptive function †¢ Therefore, proper study of the mind is to relate its characteristics to purposeful, adaptive behavior. †¢ Hence the rise of functionalism. James was professor of psychology at Harvard Principles of Psychology: †¢ James wrote this Titles were stream of thought, memory, reasoning, emotion, will, effects of experience Edward Thorndike: †¢ In the late 1800s at Harvard, drawing from James and functionalism and also Darwin’s ideas of evolution of species and their adaption to environment, he studied the progress cats made in solving a puzzle by learning a desired that is instrumental in bringing about desired outcome †¢ Notion of stimulus-response (reflexive vs. rational) was already firmly in the thinking of leading philosophers at the time, in the field of education Ivan Pavlov: In 1904, Pavlov received the Nobel prize for his work on the chemistry of digestive juices in saliva †¢ His work with dogs required gathering large amounts of saliva for chemical analyses. Done through a tube surgically implanted in dog’s salivary gland and then simulating salvation with dried meat powder Unconditional†¦. †¢ Dried meat powder is an unconditional stimulus 9UCS) in that it always triggers the response of salivating. We call the response unconditional response (UCR). Needs no learning †¢ Many pleasure, pain, and emotional responses and tastes and smells are unconditional Psychic Reflex: †¢ Pavlov and associates observed that dogs would often begin salivating before they were harnessed and before the meat powder †¢ Pavlov switched his path of study this psychic reflex †¢ Studies are among the most famous in psychology. Type of learning he describes is known as â€Å"classical condition† or â€Å"glandular conditioning† Conditional†¦. Stimulus in effect becomes a signal that the dog will be harnessed, presented with the meant, and will be salivating. †¢ The dog must perceive this connection. Its meaning and power as a signal depends on its reliability. Its meaning and power are conditional on its place in time and its frequency in the sequence, becoming conditional stimulus (CS). The psychic reflex becomes a Conditional response. Prior to perception of a connection to the UCS, all events are neutral in me aning with respect to UCS. Conditioning involves responding to a CS with a CR in anticipation of the occurrence of the UCS-UCR pair. Learning: †¢ Conditional response (CR) is the learned response to the conditional stimulus (CS) which gained meaning to the extent it anticipates the UCS-UCR pain. The CR is potentially a adaptive response, a preparatory response †¢ The UCS-UCR pair do not re-occur, then the power of the CS to trigger a CR is weakened. The CS no linger bring about the CR-extinction. Higher order conditioning: The CS must occur fairly closely in time to the UCS-UCR pain- interstimulus interval (CS UCS) †¢ However once a CS has gained the power to anticipate the UCS, other neutral stimuli close in time to the CS will become conditioned. A CS signal the next CS, which signals the next CS and so on until the original CS signals the UCS-UCR pain-higher order conditioning. Historical context: †¢ The pressure of universal education brought pressures for psychologists and educators t o study the processes of learning †¢ Alfred Binet (advocate from France) developed a test to measure abilities so as to place students in the proper grade. Concepts of ‘intelligence’ and IQ soon followed †¢ Darwin’s theory of evolution suggests that as a species of human beings evolved from lower forms of animal life. Though the gap between animals and human life remained wide in terms of language, thought, and civilization, question was just how intelligent are animals, are they closer to humans are intelligent than animals lower †¢ Industrial revolution; post revolutionary Russia and USA saw an ability to take classless societies and make it a brighter and stronger future, training an efficient workforce. John B. Watson: 1878-1958 †¢ Studied animal intelligence. He sought to move psychology more toward the empirical, deterministic physical sciences †¢ Empirical, means of the senses of implying data used in the science is observable, public, and objectively measured. Determinism implies a search for theories of cause and effect, identification of Aristotle’s immediate cause Behaviorists in control: †¢ Reshaping human society in the US and Soviet Union Philosophical behaviorism: belief that consciousness was an epiphenomenon †¢ Methodological behaviors: belief that observable objective measures of behavior are better over introspective self-report Operant Conditioning: †¢ Skinner says the probability of a response to the correct stimulus is more or less equal to that of any other response to other available stimuli. If the response to a stimulus brings about desired consequence, then the sequence of stimulus-response more likely repeated. Trial and error is as en equal probability for all possible responses on Trial 1 Terms: †¢ Reinforcer: sequence of stimulus-response consequence; makes stronger the bond between the stimulus and the response †¢ Operant or instrumental response: behavior which bring about the consequence †¢ Skinner prefers to understand reinforcement as that which changes the probability of the response to the stimulus Reinforcer vs. Reinforcement: Reinforce is an event, a consequence that follows the response to a stimulus and is perceived to be connected to the response †¢ Reinforcement is a state of being that arises from the act of consuming or enjoying †¢ Positive reinforce is a positive rewarding consequence to response to a stimulus; all is good and you’ll do it again †¢ Negative reinforer is a painful consequence to the response to a stimulus; decreases probability of the response to that stimulus †¢ In negative reinforcement sequence is stimulus, response, negative reinforcerm escape response(which removes negative reinforce) positive reinforce. Total package: negative reinforcement. Probability of an escape/avoidance response is increased and the 1st response is decreased. Primary and secondary reinforcer: †¢ Primary: natural; one that does not have to be learned. Satisfy biological needs like hunger, thirst †¢ Secondary: consequence whose value must be learned through experience; come through socialization and subsequent learning †¢ Primary positive reinforcer: satisfies a natural need (food if you’re hungry, water if thirsty) †¢ Primary negative reinforcer: causes physical pain and discomfort (injury, illness) †¢ Secondary positive reinforcer: satisfies social and psychological needs (good grade, smile, kiss) †¢ Secondary negative reinforcer: socially punishing (failing grade, public slander, rejection letter) Classical and instrumental combined: A primary positive reinforcer=unconditional stimulus that follows some behavioral conditional response to conditional stimulus. †¢ Conditional stimulus is a secondary positive reinforcer Contingency: †¢ connection between a stimulus, response, and a consequence. One perceives the stimulus and performs the response expected †¢ extinction: when stimulus n o longer elicits a response b/c reinforcer no longer appears †¢ superstition: one perceives a contingency when in fact there is none †¢ helplessness: perceiving no contingency between a stimulus and a response nd any desirable consequence, making no response †¢ fixed ratio: pattern is predictable †¢ variable ratio: pattern is random Resistance to extinction: †¢ skinner defines strength of learning as how resistance the acquired response to a stimulus is to extinction †¢ variable ratio schedule maintains responding far longer than fixed ratio †¢ fixed interval schedule gives reinforcer tot the last response as a certain interval of time elapses Psychological and emotional disorders A behavioral analysis of psychological emotional disorders includes the assumption that the symptoms (inappropriate behaviors, thoughts, or emotions) are acquired in a learning environment (i. e. not due to genetics or physiological dysfunctions or unconscious conflicts) . †¢ Behavior therapy tries to extinguish the inappropriate responses to stimuli train appropriate responses. Behavioral analysis of a phobia †¢ Phobia = learned, â€Å"acquired fear† o Intense fear or anxiety reaction to an event, classically conditioned by exposure to frightening, threatening, or painful stimulus. Instrumentally conditioned escape/avoidance behavior that takes very few trials, maybe only one trial to learn Obsessive compulsive disorder †¢ Obsessive state = intense drive state, often accompanied by images, thoughts, memories, desires, etc. related to drive state an identity †¢ Compulsive = behavior that corrects for or deals w/ the threat to the driving identity. Ritualized by repetition success at keeping anxiety at bay. †¢ Compulsive behavior may originate in two ways: o 1. Person once praised for something now seeks praise to maintain good feeling o 2. Person once punished for something thus becomes anxious when this event occurs and does whatever to avoid punishment Behavioral analysis of anxiety and conflict †¢ The conflict of drives, stimuli, responses consequences will result in indecision, inefficiency, anxiety. Dollard miller list the following: †¢ An approach-approach conflict: where two mutually exclusive positive consequences follow a response to two similar stimuli. The greater the emotional importance of the choice the greater the finality (or temporal impact) of the choice, the greater the conflict: o Choosing whom to marry vs. choosing which friend to call o Choosing a book to read vs. choosing a film to watch on a weekend night o Choosing a car/house to buy vs. choosing a brand of frozen pizza to buy in the store †¢ An avoidance-avoidance conflict: where two mutually exclusive negative consequences follow a response to two similar stimuli. Resolved in a manner similar to approach-approach. Choosing to cope with knee pain or having knee surgery o Choosing to write a paper or study for a test o Choosing any math course †¢ An approach-avoidance conflict: where two aspects of the â€Å"same† stimulus are in contradiction, one positive, one negative. o Enjoying the company of a friend, who also tends to get loud obnoxious at parties. The conflict arises when the friend asks you to go to the party with her/him. o Contemplating a trip to Europe, but you have a fear of flying Behavioral analysis of anxiety conflict The tension in approach-avoidance conflict in interpersonal relationships often forces a person to create a â€Å"safe-zone† in which, on the one hand, the person is not so far away from the other such that one needs to approach, but yet, on the other hand, the person is not so close that one needs to avoid the other. †¢ Often the zone is defined or verbalized in terms of emotional involvement, interpersonal distance, intimacy, time together, mode of communication, etc. â€Å"were just friends†¦Ã¢â‚¬  meaning not lovers, cousins, or strangers. The safe zone evolves. It is negotiated b/t the two persons in the relationship to their mutual satisfaction, though true mutuality is often difficult to achieve. Also, conditions may change it over time, especially due to factors such as distance, other relationships, new info, etc. Depression †¢ Result of a generalized learned help lessness. †¢ Helplessness learned when most instrumental escape or avoidance responses to a primary or secondary negative reinforce fail to bring about relief through a cessation of the punishment, discomfort. Inactivity/apathy describe lack of instrumental responses; pain, numbness, sadness are the classically conditioned emotional responses. Dissociative disorder †¢ Dissociative disorders, such as dissociative identity disorder (split personality) involves learning a new repertory of behaviors, thoughts, emotions that are appropriate (and therefore reinforced) in a new environment along side of a previously learned repertory of behaviors, thoughts and emotions that are appropriate in a different prior environment †¢ Prior environment associated w/ punishment Schizophrenia †¢ double bind theory of schizophrenia: child raised in a home environment of confusing/contradictory messages from at least one volatile, toxic parent. The child’s behavior is not predictably right/good, wrong/bad. The child grows up never sure or relaxed, but stressed and anxious. Child emerges chronic mistrust of his or her ability to behave, think, etc. he/she learns to behave as if disconnected from reality B. F. Skinner †¢ wrote beyond freedom and dignity – we’re already living in a behavioral society. How to cite Learning Theory and Behaviorism, Essay examples

The World Is Full Of Lies Essays - Deception, Lie, Food Lion

The World Is Full Of Lies The world is full of lies. In fact, we experience them on an everyday basis. In every film we watch we are fooled into believing that the pictures on the screen are moving, but in actuallity they are just still shots placed together at 24 frames per second. Television and the media (news) seem to be the biggest carries of the lying virus. ABC was one of the unlucky few to have been caught. Their name was dragged through the mudd along with Food Lion, in a case which poses many ethical questions. Because of commercial advertisements, television news has been forced to resort to lie tactics in order create stories that shock viewers into watching. News has become nothing more than factual ENTERTAINMENT. For example, ABC's news program ?Primetime Live? did a feature story on the South Carolina based Food Lion, which stated that the grocery chain was selling tainted meat, cheese that had been nawed upon by rats, produce which was taken from the dumpster, and fish which had been bleached in order to return the natural white color; however, ABC used trickery in order to obtain the package. The lead was originally developed from a friend of segment producer Lynne Dale. The friend was the UFCW (United Food and Commercial Workers Union) spokesman Neal Lattimore. The information was supplied through a group who served as a ?middle man.? ABC went to a Food Lion armed with hidden cameras in order to obtain some initial evidence. Second, ABC sent three employees Lynne Dale, Susan Barnett, and an Photographer to apply for jobs using forged references, supplied by UFCW. Here is the err with ABC. Their use of false information directly infringes upon a companies trust with employees, furthermore, many applications require a signature that bonds all information to the employee. Their second mistake was using information supplied by a union who according to Marc Gunther and Henry Goldblatt was already at arms with Food Lion, because of their persistance to remain NON union. The question that arises, does this justify ABC to lie in order to prove someone else's lie? Sissela Bok wou ld suggest that such practices would be correct if in the interest of the public. To Bok lies can be justified by the cognitive awareness of truth but in order to achieve such aware ness one must seek ?truthful alternatives (31). She writes: ?If lies and truthful statements appear to achieve the same result or appear to be as desirable to t he person contemplating lying the lies should be ruled out. And only where a lie is a last resort can one even begin to consider whether or not it is morally justified. (31).? She also infers that lying in regards to moral justification can not be exclusive. Such information has to be capable of being made public. We should always balance the consequences with the truth as our parents once taught us too. She describes paternal/maternal lying as justifyable if it someway helps to prevent the child from being injured. Such lies are created in order to PROTECT the innocent. Her stand becomes redundantly clear in Lying. Lies CAN be justified if the need, outweighs the consequences, but by no means however, does she agree with lying, in fact she appauls it. ?I hope to have shown how often the justifications they invoke are insubstantial, and how they can disguise and fuel all other wrongs. Trust and integrity are precious resourses, easily squandered, hard to regain (248).? As aforementioned, Bok would suggest that such lying is justifiable in order to save a life; however, I find that ABC was surely more interested with ratings as opposed to public care, although their image would suggest it. Modern news is a huge publicity battle. Whomever produces the better LIFE SAVING snippit wins the advertising. ABC's approach by no means justifies there actions. They chose not to sample the foods and run quality control checks on them, nor did they research the health boards recent ratings. Instead they entered into the situation lie first. Bok states that moral justification cannot be exclusive, it has to be made public, none of which ABC did. The information and package were filmed in Spring

How to Find the Aries Constellation

How to Find the Aries Constellation The Aries constellation, one of the oldest-known star patterns, is located right next to the constellation Taurus. Discover how to find Aries and its fascinating deep-sky objects during your next sky-gazing session. Finding Aries Aries is most visible in the month of November. To find Aries, look for a crooked line of three bright stars not too far from the Pleiades star cluster. The stars of Aries lie along the zodiac, the path the Sun and planets appear to follow across the sky during the year. The stars of Aries, plus a galaxy challenge. Carolyn Collins Petersen   History of Aries The name Aries is the Latin word for ram. In the constellation Aries, two stars make up the points of a rams horn. However, this constellation has had a wide range of different interpretations throughout history. The sky pattern was associated with a farmhand in ancient Babylon, a porpoise in the South Pacific, a pair of bureaucrats there in ancient China, and the god Amon-Ra in ancient Egypt. Aries and Meteor Showers Avid skywatchers know Aries from the meteor showers that bear its name and appear to radiate from the constellation at different times throughout the year, including: Delta Arietids (between December 8 and January 2)Autumn Arietids (between September 7 and October 27)Epsilon Arietids (between October 12 and 23)Daytime Arietids (between May 22 and July 2) All of these outbursts of meteors are associated with the material left behind by comets as they make their way around the Sun. Earths orbit intersects the comets paths, and as a result they appear to flow from the constellation Aries.   The official IAU constellation chart for Aries. IAU/Sky Publishing   The Stars of Aries The three brightest stars of Aries constellation are officially called alpha, beta, and gamma Arietis. Their nicknames are Hamal, Sharatan, and Mesarthim, respectively. Hamal is an orange giant star and lies about 66 light-years from Earth. Its about 91 times brighter than our Sun and is around 3.5 billion years old.   Sharatan is a fairly young star, slightly  more massive than the Sun and about a third brighter than our star. It lies nearly 60 light-years away from us. It also has a companion star that is much dimmer and orbits at a distance that still hasnt been determined.   Mesarthim is also a binary star and lies about 165 light-years away from the Sun. There other, fainter stars in Aries, too. For example, 53 Arietis is a runaway star that was violently ejected from the Orion Nebula (at the heart of the constellation Orion) in its youth. Astronomers suspect that a nearby supernova explosion sent this star on its way across space. Aries also has a few stars that are orbited by extrasolar planets.   Deep-sky Objects in Aries Aries contains several deep-sky objects that can be discovered through binoculars or a small telescope. The spiral galaxy NGC 772 in Aries. Adam Block/Mount Lemmon Skycenter/University of Arizona. CC-BY-SA 3.0   Perhaps the most interesting is the spiral galaxy NGC 772, which lies south of Mesarthim, and its companion galaxy, NGC 770. Astronomers refer to NGC 772 as a peculiar galaxy because it appears to have some structures not always seen in regular spiral galaxies. Its a star-forming galaxy and lies about 130 million light-years away.  Its very likely that its interesting shape (with one very bright blue arm prominently displayed) is due to an interaction with its companion. A few other very distant and dim galaxies are scattered throughout Aries, including NGC 821 and Segue 2, which is actually a companion galaxy to the Milky Way.

How to Use a Running Record to Assess Beginning Readers

How to Use a Running Record to Assess Beginning Readers A running record is an assessment method that helps teachers evaluate students reading fluency, ability to use reading strategies, and readiness to advance. This assessment emphasizes the students thought process, which allows teachers to go beyond counting the number of words read correctly. In addition, observing a students demeanor while reading (calm, relaxed, tense, hesitant) provides valuable insight into his instructional needs. Running records can be used to guide instruction, track progress, and choose appropriate reading material. A running record is slightly more formal than simple observation assessments, but it is still an easy tool for measuring reading fluency. Tracking Errors The first aspect of a running record is tracking student errors. Errors include misread words, mispronounced words, substitutions, omissions, insertions, and words that the teacher had to read. Mispronounced proper nouns should only be counted as one error regardless of how many times the word appears in the text. However, all other mispronunciations should be counted as one error each time they occur. If a student skips a line of text, count all words in the line as errors. Note that mispronunciations don’t include those pronounced differently due to a child’s dialect or accent. Repeated words do not count as an error. Self-correction- when a student realizes he has made an error and corrects it- does not count as an  error. Understanding Reading Cues The second part of a running record is analyzing reading cues. There are three different reading cue strategies to be aware of when analyzing a student’s reading  behavior: meaning, structural,  and  visual.   Meaning (M) Meaning cues indicate that a student is thinking about what she is reading. She is taking cues from the context of the passage, the meaning of the sentence, and any illustrations in the text. For example, she may say street when she encounters the word road. This error doesn’t affect her comprehension of the text. To determine whether the reading behavior reflects the use of a meaning cue, ask yourself, â€Å"Does the substitution make sense?† Structural (S) Structural clues indicate an understanding of English syntax- what sounds right in the sentence. A student who uses structural clues is relying on  her knowledge of grammar and sentence structure. For example, she may read goes instead of went, or  sea instead of ocean. To determine whether the reading behavior reflects the use of a structural cue, ask yourself, â€Å"Does the substitution sound right in the context of the sentence?† Visual (V) Visual cues show that a student is using his knowledge of the appearance of the letters or words to make sense of the text. He may substitute a word that looks visually similar to the word in the sentence. For example, he may read boat instead of bike or car instead of cat. The substituted words may start or end with the same letters or have other visual similarities, but the substitution does not make sense. To determine whether the reading behavior reflects the use of a visual cue, ask yourself, â€Å"Does the substituted word look like the misread word?† How to Use a Running Record in the Classroom Select a passage that is appropriate for the student’s  reading level. The passage should be at least 100-150 words  long. Then, prepare the running record form: a double-spaced copy of the text the student is reading, so that errors and cue strategies can be recorded quickly during the assessment. To conduct the running record, sit next to the student  and instruct her to read the passage aloud. Mark the running record form by checking off each word that the student reads correctly. Use notations to mark reading miscues such as substitutions, omissions, insertions, interventions, and self-corrections. Record which reading cue(s)- meaning, structural, or physical- the student uses for errors and self-corrections. After the student finishes reading the passage, calculate her accuracy and self-correction rate. First, subtract the number of errors from the total number of words in the passage. Divide that number by the total number of words in the passage and multiply by 100 to get the percentage of accuracy. For example, if a student reads 100 words with 7 errors, her accuracy score is 93%. (100-793; 93 / 100 0.93; 0.93 * 100 93.) Next, calculate the student’s self-correction rate by adding the total number of errors to the total number of self-corrections. Then, divide that total by the total number of self-corrections. Round to the nearest whole number and place the final result in a ratio of 1 to the number. For example, if a student makes 7 errors and 4 self-corrections, her self-correction rate is 1:3. The student self-corrected one time for every three misread words. (7411; 11/42.75; 2.75 rounds up to 3; ratio of self-corrections to errors is 1:3.) Use the first running record assessment to establish a  student’s baseline. Then, complete subsequent running records at regular intervals. Some teachers like to repeat the evaluation as often as every two weeks for beginning readers, while others prefer to administer them quarterly.